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Information about colloidal silver

The information below represents some of the history around the use of Silver and Colloidal silver. The statements regarding these products have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. The information on this Web site or in emails is designed for educational purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for informed medical advice or care. You should not use this information to diagnose or treat any health problems or illnesses without consulting your pediatrician or family doctor. Please consult a doctor with any questions or concerns you might have regarding your or your child's condition.

Introduction to Collodial Silver
Silver is said to be a powerful, natural prophylactic/antibiotic, used for thousands of years. Ancient Greeks lined their eating and drinking vessels with silver, as did many other cultures throughout the world. Pioneers of the American West would put a silver dollar in a jug of milk to keep it fresh without refrigeration. Did you ever wonder why silverware was made from silver? One of the properties of silver is that it kills certain bacteria on contact in six minutes or less.
 
Colloidal Silver is a Dietary supplement and has not been submitted for FDA approval as a new drug and therefore we can not claim that these dietary supplements are intended to prevent, mitigate, treat, or cure anthrax, smallpox, or any other disease under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as amended by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. The value, benefits, and results of colloidal silver is dependent on the age, general health, weight and the specific metabolism of the user.

 

Early Research and History
At the turn of the century, scientists had discovered that the body's most important fluids are colloidal in nature; suspended ultra-fine particles. Blood, for example, carries nutrition and oxygen to the body cells. This led to studies with Colloidal Silver. Prior to 1938, Colloidal Silver was used by physicians as a mainstream antibiotic treatment and was considered quite "high-tech." Production methods, however were costly. The pharmaceutical industry moved in, causing colloidal research to be set aside in favor of fast working, more toxic and potentially dangerous drugs. Some of the manufacturing methods used before 1938 are still used today. An electrocolloidal process, which is known to be the best method is used.

Interest in Colloidal Silver has increased most recently, probably because illness causing organisms do not seem to build up a resistance to Colloidal Silver the way they do to pharmaceutical antibiotics. Antibiotics are becoming less effective as resistance to them grows.

The Los Angeles Times states "But in the last decade, a broad resistance to antibiotics has begun to emerge. And because bacteria can transfer genes among themselves, experts only expect the resistance to grow. The potential nightmare is an Andromeda strain, which is immune to all antibiotics and could wreak havoc. ("Arsenal of Antibiotics Failing as Resistant Bacteria Develop," October 23, 1994)

In the early 1900's an antibacterial solution called Colloidal Silver became the choice of medical practitioners. It proved to be enormously effective against infectious organisms and extremely safe to use, without the negative side effects associated with drugs. But Colloidal Silver became increasingly expensive and the pharmaceutical companies developed antibiotics as we know them today. Silver took a back seat. However, as usual, as we deviate from nature, unforeseen problems develop. Forty years after the advent of antibiotics, many types of disease-causing organisms had built an immunity to pharmaceutical antibiotics. Over the years the medical establishment has reported on the new strains of "Super Bugs" that cannot be destroyed by antibiotics. Newsweek Magazine reported in March 28, 1994 that in 1992, 13,000 hospital patients died of infections that resisted every drug doctors tried. Also a well known fact is the detrimental effect of antibiotics on the naturally occurring flora in the colon. Colloidal Silver does not disturb this very necessary environment.

Fortunately, the timely re-emergence of Colloidal Silver due to new technology and much reduced costs in production, may prove to be one of the best supplements that the public now has to protect themselves.

In 1834, the German obstetrician F. Crede administered 1% silver nitrate to the eyes of newborn infants, virtually eliminating the incidence of disease causing blindness in newborn babies. However, it was not until the late 1800's that Western scientists were able to prove what had been known in Eastern medicine for thousands of years...that silver was a proven germ fighter! Once the discovery was made that the body's chief fluids were colloidal in nature, the endless possibilities which could occur from the use of colloids in medicine were recognized. As a result, a silver solution known as Colloidal Silver became widely used in medicine as one of the main-stays of antimicrobial treatment, until money became an issue. "What we actually have done, was rediscover that silver kills bacteria", stated Dr. Robert Becker M. D. "It is non-toxic in micro-concentrations of 3-5 parts per million." And now it's silver that is finding wholly new uses as a wonder in modern medicine...perhaps it soon will be recognized as our mightiest germ fighter." (Science Digest, March 1978.)

The late Dr. Carl Moyer, chairman of Washington University's Department of Surgery, received a grant to develop better treatment for burn victims. Dr. Harry argraf of St. Louis, as the chief biochemist, worked with Dr. Moyer and other surgeons to find an antiseptic strong enough, yet safe, to use over larger areas of the body. Dr. Margraf reviewed 22 antiseptic compounds and found drawbacks in all of them. He noted that many of these antibiotics were ineffective against a number of harmful bacteria, including the biggest killer in burn cases - greenish blue bacterium called Pseudomonas acruginose. Extensive trials proved silver to be the most effective and is currently used in all major burn centers in the United States.

Contemporary Studies
Laboratory tests in 1988 by Larry C. Ford, M.D., UCLA School of Medicine, and other researchers showed that destructive bacteria, virus and fungus organisms are killed within minutes of contact with simple metallic silver. While studying regeneration of limbs, spinal cords and organs in the late 1970s, Robert O. Becker, M.D., author of The Body Electric, discovered that silver ions promote bone growth and kill surrounding bacteria he recognized a correlation between low silver levels and sickness. He said silver deficiency was responsible for the improper functioning of the immune system. Dr. Becker's experiments conclude that silver works on the full spectrum of pathogens without any side effects or damage to the body. He also states that silver does more than kill disease-causing organisms. Burn patients and even elderly patients notice more rapid healing. All strains of pathogens resistant to other antibiotics are killed by silver. The March 1978 issue of Science Digest, in an article, "Our Mightiest Germ Fighter," reported: "Thanks to eye-opening research, silver is emerging as a wonder of modern medicine. Resistant strains fail to develop. Moreover, silver is virtually non-toxic. "The article ended with a quote by Dr. Harry Margraf, a biochemist and pioneering silver researcher who worked with the late Carl Moyer, M.D., chairman of Washington University's Department of Surgery in the 1970s: "Silver is the best all-around germ fighter we have."

How Colloidal Silver Works
The presence of Colloidal Silver near a virus, fungus, bacterium or any other single celled pathogen disables its oxygen metabolism enzyme, its chemical lung, so to say. Within a few minutes, the pathogen suffocates and dies, and is cleared out of the body by the immune, lymphatic and elimination systems. Unlike pharmaceutical antibiotics which destroy beneficial enzymes, Colloidal Silver leaves these tissue-cell enzymes intact, as they are radically different from the enzymes of primative single-celled life. Thus Colloidal Silver is absolutely safe for humans, reptiles, pets, plants and all multi-celled living matter. Colloidal Silver is the result of an electro-magnetic process that pulls microscopic particles from a larger piece of silver into a liquid, such as water. These microscopic particles can more easily penetrate and travel throughout the body. Colloidal Silver works as a catalyst, disabling the enzyme that all one- celled bacteria, fungi and viruses use for their oxygen metabolism. In short, the bad guys suffocate. Unlike with antibiotics, resistant strains have never been known to develop. In addition to human usage, Colloidal Silver has veterinary uses, such as for canine parvo virus. You'll also find Colloidal Silver very handy in the garden since it can be used against bacterial, fungal and viral attacks on plants. Simply spray diluted Colloidal Silver on the leaves, and add to soil water.

Ingesting Colloidal Silver
Taken orally, the silver solution is absorbed from the mouth into the bloodstream, then transported quickly to the body cells. Swishing the solution under the tongue briefly before swallowing ensures fast absorption. In three to four days the silver will have accumulated in the tissues sufficiently for benefits to begin. Since Colloidal Silver is eliminated by the kidneys, lymph system and bowel after three weeks, a regular daily intake is recommended as a protection against dangerous pathogens. In cases of minor burns, an accumulation of Colloidal Silver can hasten healing, reducing scar tissue and infection. The lives of millions of people susceptible to chronic low-grade infections can be enhanced by this powerful preventative health measure.

For Chronic or Serious Conditions
Take double or triple the recommended amount for 30 to 45 days, then drop to the maintenance dose. If your body is extremely ill or toxic, do not be in a hurry to clear up everything at once. If pathogens are killed off too quickly, the body's five eliminatory channels, i.e., the liver, kidneys, skin, lungs and bowel, may be temporarily overloaded, causing flu-like conditions, headache, extreme fatigue, dizziness, nausea or aching muscles. Ease off on the Colloidal Silver to the maintenance amount and increase your distilled water intake. Regular bowel movements are a must in order to relieve the discomforts of detoxification. Resolve to reduce sugar and saturated fats from the diet, and exercise more. Given the opportunity, the body's natural ability to heal will amaze you.

Topical Uses
Colloidal Silver is painless on cuts, burns, acne, abrasions, in open wounds, in the nostrils for a stuffy nose, and even in a body's eyes because, unlike antiseptics, it does not destroy tissue cells. A silver compound known as silver sulfadiazine has been used in many of the burn centers in the U.S.

Tolerance to Colloidal Silver
It is impossible for for single-celled germs to mutate into silver-resistant forms, as happens with conventional antibiotics. Therefore no tolerance to Colloidal Silver ever develops. Also, Colloidal Silver cannot interact or interfere with other medicine being taken. Inside the body, silver forms no toxic compounds nor reacts with anything other than a germ's oxygen-metabolizing enzyme. Colloidal Silver is truly a safe, natural remedy for many of mankind's ills. Colloidal Silver is non-toxic, making it safe for both children and adults, as well as pets. In short, anything bigger than a one-cell animal seems to like it.

What doesn't Colloidal Silver do
It doesn't interact with any other medications. It doesn't upset the stomach, and, in fact, is a digestion aid. It does not sting in the eyes. Medical journal reports and documented studies spanning the past 100 years indicate no known side effects from oral or I.V. administration of colloidal silver in animal or human testing. Colloidal silver has been used with good results under the most demanding health care circumstances.

What is Colloidal Silver
Colloidal Silver is a tasteless, odorless, non-toxic, pure, natural substance consisting of sub-microscopic clusters of silver particles, suspended by a tiny electric charge placed on each particle, within a suitable liquid. The molecule's size usually ranges from 0.01 to about 0.001 micron in diameter (very small). The particles do not settle but remain suspended since the electric charge exerts more force than gravity on each particle. Colloidal is the form of choice since the body must convert a crystalline solution to colloidal before it can be used. Taken daily, it is a powerful adjunct to our immune systems.

Silver in Our Bodies
Silver and all minerals are obtained from food we eat. This comes directly from organic soil containing living organisms. These organisms assist in making the minerals available to the vegetation. However, if we eat fruit and vegetables grown on chemical fertilizers, as most plants are grown today, we do not get the necessary quantity of vitamins, minerals and trace elements which occur in organically grown foods. This results in deficiencies which progress over time resulting in an impaired immune function. The results are diseases of aging.

Dr. Robert Backer noticed a correlation between low silver levels and sickness; colds, flu, etc. Some Biochemists suspect that a silver deficiency is possibly one of the main reasons cancer exists and is increasing at such a rapid rate today. He believed a silver deficiency was the reason for the improper functioning of the immune system. He found that silver works on a wide range of bacteria without any side effects or damage to the cells of the body and can stimulate major growth of injured tissues. Around the turn of the century, doctors prescribed silver nitrate for stomach ulcers and it has been common practice to put a few drops of a silver solution in the eyes of a newborn baby to kill bacteria that might cause blindness. It helps stop the herpes virus. Note: It is not the silver in dental fillings that is harmful but the mercury which is a deadly poison.

The Key Characteristics
Colloidal Silver is non-toxic, non-addictive and has no side effects. The body developes no tolerance and one cannot overdose. Colloidal Silver cannot cause harm to the liver, kidneys or any other organs in the body. It is safe for pregnant and nursing women and even aids the developing fetus in growth and health, as well as easing the mother's delivery and recovery. Colloidal Silver is odorless, tasteless, non-stinging, harmless to eyes, contains no free-radicals, is harmless to human enzymes and has no reaction with other medications. It improves digestion, aids in the regeneration of damaged cells and tissues, helps prevent colds, flu and organism caused diseases . HAS IT BEEN MEDICALLY TESTED? YES! Colloidal Silver has been successfully tested at the UCLA Medical Labs where it killed every virus on which it was tested.

What the FDA Says
According to the FDA, Colloidal Silver may continue to be marketed and used as it was originally intended. Colloidal Silver exceeds FDA recognized standards (Sep. 13, 1991 letter written by Consumer Safety Officer, Harold Davies, U.S. Food and Drug Admin.) FDA has no juridiction regarding a pure, mineral element. Colloidal Silver is a Dietary supplement and has not been submitted for FDA approval as a new drug and therefore we can not claim that these dietary supplements are intended to prevent, mitigate, treat, or cure anthrax, smallpox, or any other disease under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as amended by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. The value, benefits, and results of colloidal silver is dependent on the age, general health, weight and the specific metabolism of the user.

Colloidal Silver for AIDS
Since in active aids, the suppressed immune system of the body is open to all kinds of disease, Colloidal Silver may be a beneficial non-toxic supplement because of its ability to fight viruses and bacteria. According to FDA rules, Colloidal Silver cannot be marketed or advertised as a treatement for the HIV virus.

Other Uses Are For Colloidal Silver
Tests prove, due to the high absorption of silver in the small intestine, the friendly bacteria in the large intestine are not affected. All bacterial, viral and fungal organisms are killed within 6 minutes of contact. Higher silver content in the body causes faster and more frequent contact with these organisms. No disease causing organism can live in the presence of simple silver. The following is a partial list conditons that Colloidal Silver has been used which helps the bodies natural immune fighting capabilities to be more effective in preventing or reduceing bacterial or fungul infection - Acne, Athlete's Foot, Blood Poisoning, Burns, Candida, Colitis, Conjunctivitis, Dermatitis, Dysentry, Excema, Gastritis, Gonorrhea, Herpes, Hepatitis, Infantile Diseases, Impetigo, Keratitis, Leprosy, lesions, lyme disease, Pymphagitis, Malaria, Pluerisy, Phneomonia, Psoriasis, Pruritis Ani, Ophthalmia, Ringworm, Rhiritis Rosacea, Scarlet Fever, Seborrhea, Septicemia, Shingles, Staph Infection, Strep Infections, Stomach Flu, Toxemia, Herpes Virus, Ulcers, Strep, Tonsillitis, Trenchfoot, Tuberculosis, Virus Warts, Whooping Cough, Yeast Infections.

Application of Colloidal Silver
Liquid silver as well as new ointment formulations may be applied directly to the skin. A few drops on a q-tip or band-aid may be used to disinfect any wound or sore. Liquid silver is administered orally and can also be injected. It can be used vaginally, anally, atomized or inhaled into the nose or lungs and dropped into the eyes. To start, take one teaspoon per day, for seven days, then reduce to half a teaspoon per day. Children should use proportionally smaller doses. For colds and flu symptoms, up to a tablespoon three times daily. Overdosing should not be of concern even if more than recommended doses are administered. After a few days of use, one might experience a detox effect in the form of feeling sluggish or mild aches. Consumption of water will cause these symptoms to disappear.

It is safe for pregnant and nursing women. It will not generate free radicals or interfere with enzyme activity. It has no reaction with other medications. The container and dropper must be glass, as plastic cannot preserve the silver in liquid suspension for any length of time. High concentrations of silver do not kill disease germs more effectively than the safe range of 3 to 5 parts per million (ppm), and may cause silver build-up in the body, eventually resulting in a silver toxicity called Argyria, a permanent discoloration of the skin to a gray shade. But a person could safely drink several ounces a day of 5 ppm concentration Colloidal Silver indefinitely, as this small concentration of silver is easily flushed from the body. "In 1992, 13,300 hospital patients died of infections that resisted every drug doctors tried." Newsweek Magazine, March 28, 1994

What Health Professionals Say About Silver and Colloidal Silver

"What we have actually done was rediscover the fact that silver kills bacteria, which had been known for centuries… when antibiotics were discovered, clinical uses for silver as an antibiotic were discarded" concludes Dr. Robert O. Becker, M.D. Extensive research into the curative properties of silver has been conducted for many years at the Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y. under the direction of above mentioned Dr. Becker. The experiments conclude that silver works on a wide range of bacteria, without any known side-effects or damage to the cells of the body. Silver was doing something more than killing disease-causing organisms. It was also causing major growth stimulation of injured tissues. Dr. Becker concludes that the presence of the silver ion may help to regenerate tissue, and help eliminate any other diseased or abnormal condition.

Dr. Henry Crooks (Use of Colloids in Health-Disease) found that silver in the colloidal state is highly germicidal, quite harmless to humans and absolutely non-toxic. From his bacteriological experiments with silver he concluded, "I know of no microbe that is not killed in laboratory experiments in six minutes."

Dr. Bjorn Nordenstrom, of the Larolinska Institute, Sweden, has successfully used silver as a component in his cancer treatments for many years.

Dr. Leonard Keene Hirschberg, A. M., M. D. (John Hopkins) states, "Speaking generally, the colloidal metals are especially remarkable for their beneficial action in infective states."

Dr. Richard L. Davies, executive director of the Silver Institute, which monitors silver technology in 37 countries, reports: "In four years we've described 87 important new medical uses for silver. We're just beginning to see to what extent silver can relieve suffering."

More In-depth Information
First some basics. A colloid consists of minute particles that float within a liquid despite the pull of gravity. To stay in suspension for any length of time, these particles must be smaller than 1 micron (1/1000 of an inch). When fresh produce is processed through a juicer, a colloid results in the form of a glass of juice. Drinking fresh juices makes it possible to consume far more nutrients than by eating. Because juice is considered a pre-digested food, the body can process large amounts with minimal effort and correspondingly better health results. As a juice colloid sits, the larger particles begin to fall out of suspension and settle at the bottom of the container. To evenly distribute the contents it is common to shake up a bottle of juice before drinking.

In the case of colloidal silver, silver particles are pulled off of a pure silver electrode that is emersed in water by applying a low voltage electric current, giving each particle an electric charge. This charge, though long lasting, is not permanent, and both daylight and time will cause a colloid to lose its charge. This loss is referred to as "falling out", or "plating out".(1) Note, while colloidal silver is light sensitive, it is not nearly so light sensitive as camera film. If taken to the beach under mid-day California summer sun, colloidal silver can be expected to oxidize in about ten minutes. Indoors, under ambient and artificial light, colloidal silver will oxidize in about three days. This only means that once made, colloidal silver should be stored in tinted or opaque containers.

Many colloidal silver manufacturers claim that if the silver particles are "too large," the resulting brew will prove injurious to the public health. The truth can be found in many science text books. When applying current to silver in solution, metallic silver will always break off at the same size, 1.26 angstroms (.00001 microns).(2) This particle is so small that the next stop on the road to smallness is the atom itself.

Colloids are by nature the smallest particles matter can be divided into while still retaining individual characteristics. Reducing a piece of metallic silver into a cloud of microscopic particles greatly extends its total surface area, and so its healing properties, while deepening its penetration into the body.

Because the silver particles are charged, they strive to combine with other elements in the solution. Trace elements exist even in distilled water, and when the charged silver particles combine with a specific trace element, the solution will turn one of a number of colors like gray, yellow, green or brown. Whatever element the silver chooses is largely irrelevant: Once in the body, the silver releases its bond in search of stronger attachments in an effort to stabilize its charge. Therefore, once the silver colloid has entered the body, the original silver particles measuring 1.26 angstroms (about the size of fifteen atoms) quickly pass through the stomach lining and into the blood stream, where they circulate for about a week before elimination.

Yellow Colloidal Silver
The real reason yellow colored colloidal silver is favored by most manufacturers is not because it is more effective than other types, but because it has a longer shelf life before falling out of solution. This stability in solution doesn't automatically translate into a smaller combined particle size between the silver ion and the trace element which it has attached itself to. It may simply be that the trace element which the silver has combined with is more water soluble. Simply put, the most effective colloidal silver is not a question of color, but of freshness and highest concentration density.(3)

A disadvantage of the yellow colloidal silver is its bitter taste - unlike the silver colored colloid. Also, the yellow solution is more difficult to make. When using a 27-volt generator, it is helpful to reduce the water volume to mitigate the much longer activation time that the yellow solution requires. I couldn't find any medical evidence that the yellow colloid is more effective than the silver colored colloid. People can always create and compare the effects of the yellow and silver solutions for themselves.

To make the yellow solution, use a tall narrow glass with six to eight ounces of distilled water. Use no saline solution. The water will not gain conductivity as it does when saline is added, so the process will take about forty-five minutes. It will produce a concentration of around 10 parts per million (ppm). Be sure to keep an eye on the color of your solution or it will eventually turn a murky brown and then black. If this happens, just throw it out and start over.

Making High Concentrations of Colloidal Silver
As more silver ions travel through the water, the current flow increases which alters the physical parameters necessary for colloidal silver production. The result is a process time limit of about fifteen minutes when using distilled water with saline solution.

To create high concentrations of silver, you can heat the water. For every 10 degrees that the water is heated above room temperature (72 degrees), the parts per million (ppm) will be doubled. Therefore, if 5 ppm resulted after seven minutes of activation with sixteen ounces of water at 72 degrees, then 82 degrees would yield 10 ppm, and 92 degrees would deliver 20 ppm, etc. You should not boil the water; however, there is still a great deal of leeway between 72 degrees and 212 degrees (boiling). For heating purposes, do not use a tea pot because of the pot's calcification. Use something cleaner, like a stainless steel cooking pot before pouring water into a glass, or 1qt Vison Ware glass pan.

The body's ability to process the tiny atoms of colloidal silver makes silver build-up in the body impossible. The Environmental Protection Agency's Poison Control Center reports a No Toxicity listing for colloidal silver. In fact, it appears that harmlessness is one of the attributes of the colloid physiology, regardless of content. Since the body is known to have a vital need for silver to maintain both the immune system and the production of new healthy cells, and due to the harmonious nature of colloids entering the body (our blood is also a colloid), it stands within reason that colloidal silver is safe to use.

Just to prove a point to myself, I made a sixteen-ounce solution of well over 250 ppm and drank it. I repeated this procedure every day for four days in a row. I easily drank the equivalent of fifty sixteen-ounce glasses of 5 ppm colloidal silver every day! I did not eat yogurt, acidophilus, or compensate for friendly bacteria loss in any way. The only side effect was that I just seemed to feel better. This makes sense according to Capitol Drugs pharmacist Ron Barnes, R.Ph.; "Many strains of pathogenic microbes-- viruses, fungi, bacteria or any other single-celled pathogen-- resistant to other antibiotics are killed on contact by colloidal silver, and are unable to mutate. However, it does not harm tissue-cell enzymes and friendly bacteria."

Cutting two flowers in the back yard and leaving one on a shelf without water for twenty-four hours. When picked up the next day it was completely limp. Making a fresh cut at the bottom of the stem, then placing it in a glass of high concentrate colloidal silver. Each day it got better. On the third day, the stem had become firm again, as if it had just been cut. Not a single petal was lost. The second flower that was cut had been placed immediately in ordinary water. Many of its petals had already fallen. Though the flower was in water from the start, it was already dying.

References

CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 56th edition, 1975-76, page F209>br> Healing Spiral / Banishing Disease With Three 9v Batteries -- Perceptions, Nov/Dec 1995
"Medical malpractice alone kills an estimated 45,000 people annually (in the U.S.), making it the leading cause of accidental injury and death."--Adriane Fugh-Berman, MD
As many as 14,000 people die in Australian hospitals every year through preventable mistakes, ranging from misdiagnosis to being given the wrong drugs. This makes hospitals the third- largest killer in Australia after heart disease and cancer. For those who survive, between 25,000 and 30,000 patients are left with a serious and permanent disability as a result of such mistakes.--The Sydney Morning Herald, 6/2/95 and The New Scientist, 6/10/95.
Using statistics from the 1984 Harvard study, the National Safety Council and other sources, the Campaign to Protect Consumer Rights says that more people die in the U.S. from medical negligence than any other accidental cause. If these statistics are valid, medical errors kill more people each year than automobiles, falls, drownings, fires, choking, guns and poisons combined. Encyclopedia Britanica, 1910
"Only 10 to 20 percent of all medical procedures currently used in medical practice have been shown to be efficacious by controlled trial.--U.S. Office of Technology Assessment.
Health Consciousness Magazine, vol. 15, no. 4 - Colloidal Silver is proven particularly effective in cases of intestinal troubles. Dr. Henry Crooks found that Silver in the colloidal state is highly germicidal, quite harmless to humans and absolutely nontoxic. Rather than in a chemical compound, the Silver, in the colloidal state, may be applied.

Jim McPherson P.O. Box 3766 Minneapolis, MN 55403-0766 (612) 388-3571